Letter to Y. Of Broad Language 4th Edition
Dear Y.,
1. èšèªã®å®çŸ©ããèšèªç ç©¶ã®æ¹å決å®ãž
1.1
ç§ã¯æ¥æ¬èªã®ãç ç©¶ããšããããšã°ã¯ããŸã䜿ããªãã®ã§ãããããã§ã¯èšèªã«ã€ããŠèããããšãç°¡åã«èšèªç ç©¶ãšããããšã°ã§ç€ºããŸããšã質åã¯ãèšèªç ç©¶ã®ç®ç aim ãšèšèªç ç©¶ã®å¿çš application ãšããããšã«ãªãããšæããŸãã
ããã§èšèªãšã¯äœãããšããããšã«ãªããŸããšãäžè¬çã«ã¯ãèšèªã¯ã人éããã®å¿ã®ç¶æ ãããªã粟å¯ã«äŒéããäžæ¹æ³ããšãããããªããšã«ãªãããšæããŸããããã§ã¯éåžžã人éã話ãèãããšã°ãæ³å®ãããŠããŸããããããèªç¶èšèª natural language ã§ãããããç§ã¯ãã¿ãããã®èšèªç ç©¶ research on language ã«ãããŠãããããããããèšèªã®å®çŸ©ãè¡ã£ãŠããŸãããç§ã®ç ç©¶ã¯ãã¡ãããèªç¶èšèªãå«ã¿ãŸããããã£ãšåºç¯å²ãªãã®ã§ãããããç§ã®èãã§ã¯ãèšèªãèªç¶èšèªã§å®çŸ©ããŠãããããŸããªãã®ã«ãããªããªããšãæããŸããæ°åŠåºç€è«ã§è¶ èšèªãªã©ãæå±ãããæä»¥ã§ãã
1.2
ç§ã¯ã§ããããèªãã®ç ç©¶ããèšèªåŠãšã¯åŒã°ããè±èªã§ããlinguisticsãphilologyãªã©ã®çšèªãçšããŠããŸããããããã®çšèªã¯ãèªç¶èšèªãäžå¿ã«ããŠããããã§ããç§ã®å Žåããã£ãšåºç¯å²ãšãªããŸãã®ã§ããã ãresearch on language ãªã©ãšæžããŠããŸãããã®åºãèšèªãç§ã®çšèªã§ã¯Broad LanguageãšãªããŸãããããã«ã€ããŠã¯åŸè¿°ããŸãã
ããã§ãããããæªå®çŸ©ãªãŸãŸã§ãæ··ä¹±ãªã©ã¯èµ·ãããªãããšããããšã§ãããç§ã®å Žåãæžãããå 容ã§ãç§ãèšãèšèªã®ç¶æ³ãïŒå€åïŒããããŸãã®ã§ããã以äžã®ããããŸããªå®çŸ©ã¯çšããªãããšã«ããŠããŸããçšããã®ã¯äž»ã«ãæ°åŠã§ãããããã®å ¬çãå®çãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠãç¯ãããŠããäžçãç§ã瀺ãèšèªãšããããšã«ãªããŸããæ°åŠã¯ã®ãªã·ã£ä»¥æ¥ããã°ãã°5000å¹Žã®æŽå²ãªã©ãšæžãããŸãããé·ãæŽå²ã®äžã§ãæŽç·ŽãããŠããçµæãæããŠããŸãããã確çãçµ±èšã®åéã§ããã®çµæã¯1ååæ€èšŒãããããå€å倧äžå€«ã ãªã©ãšäœ¿ãããŸãããããã§ã¯1å1åç®ã«æ€èšŒãããããšããäžå ·åãåºããã©ããã¯ãä¿èšŒãããŸããã
1.3
æ°åŠã¯çµ¶å¯Ÿçãªä¿èšŒããªããã°æãç«ã¡ãŸãããããã蚌æ proof ãšããããšã«ãªããŸããããããå®å šãªããšããããšã°ã¯æ®éçšããããŸãããKruto Godel ããæ°åŠã«å åšããæ¹æ³ãçšããŠæ°åŠã®å®å šæ§ã蚌æããããšã¯ã§ããªãããšããäžå®å šæ§å®ç Incompleteness theorem ã1928幎ã«èšŒæããŠããŸã£ãŠããããã§ããä»ã§ã¯å²©æ³¢æåº«ã§ãã®ç¿»èš³ãåºãŠããŸãããç§ããã®å šå®¹ã¯ä»ãããçè§£ã¯ããŠããŸããã蚌æã幟皮é¡ãã§èªã¿ãŸããããå€éšããèŠããšäžå®ã®ããã«ãèŠããŸãããæ°åŠèªèº«ã¯ãå¥ã«ããããå®çããã£ãŠãæºãããŸããã
1.4
次ã«ããšãã°ãèšèªã«ãããŠãç§ãè·é¢ãšããããšã°ã䜿ããšããŸããè·é¢ãšããããšã°ãã®ãã®ããèªç¶èšèªã§å³å¯ã«å®çŸ©ããããšã¯ããªãé£ããã§ãããã
èšèªç©ºéãªã©ãšããããšã°ã䜿ããããããŸããã空éãå®çŸ©ããã®ã¯ãèªç¶èšèªã§ã¯ãã¯ãããªãå°é£ã§ãããã
èšèªã®å€åãªã©ãšããããšã°ããã䜿ãããŸãããã©ãããã©ããžã©ã®ããã«å€åããã®ããå€åãããšããããã®å®äœã¯ãªã«ããå®äœããªããã°ããã®å€åãšããããšãã®ãã®ãç¡æå³ã«ãªããŸãããŸãããããå€åãšã¯ãªã«ããªã©ãšèãå§ãããšããã¯ãåæŸãçããªããªããŸããWittgensteinã®æåãªèšèã«ããå²åŠã¯èª€è§£ã®æŽå²ã ããšããã®ããããŸãããèšèªã®ææ§æ§ã®äžã«ãç äžã®æ¥Œé£ã®ãããªãã®ãç¯ããŠããããã«ãæããŸãã
åºæ¬çã«èšèªãèšèªã§å®çŸ©ããããšããŠããå°é£ãçããŸããå§çްã¯çç¥ããŸãããç¹ã«1970幎代以éãæ°åŠåºç€è«ã®åéã§é²å±ããããŸããæšå¹Žå€ã«ã竹å å€å²ãšããæ°åŠåºç€è«ã®æ¥æ¬ã®Pioneer ãæ»å»ããŸãããç§ã圌ããå€ããåŠã³ãŸãããæ°åŠã»ãããŒãä»å¹Ž2æå·ã圌ãç¹éããŠããŸããç§ã«ã¯ããããããããã£ãã§ãã
ãããç§ã¯å²åŠãåŠå®ããŠããããã§ã¯ãããŸãããéã«ç§ã®æ ¹å¹¹ã¯å²åŠããæŽŸçããŠãããšãèããããã§ãã
1.5
ãã®ãããªããã§ãç§ã¯èšèªã®Basicãªãã®ããèšèªã§èšè¿°ããããšã¯ããªããªããŸãããããèšããšç°¡åã§ãããç§ã®å Žåãããã«ãã©ãçãã®ã«ã20代ãã40代ããããŸã§ããããŸããã
1970幎代ã®çµãããå€å1978幎ã®å€äŒã¿ïŒæå¡ã§ããããïŒ31æ³ãä»ãæ±äº¬ã«ãããŸãããTç ç©¶æã®ç ç©¶å¿åè«æã«åãæãã£ãããšããããŸãããå¥ã«è³ãåŸãããšããšããããšã§ã¯ãªããããããããšããã£ããã«ãèªåã®èª²é¡ã確èªãããã£ãããã§ããå 容ã¯èšèªã«ãããæãšã¯äœãããšããããšã§ãçŸåšèããŠããããšã®æºå段éã®ãããªãã®ãèªåãªãã«ãŸãšããããšããããã§ããæ¹æ³ã¯ãæ°åŠã®éåè«ãšæ°åŠåºç€è«ãçšããããšããŸãããçµè«çã«ã¯ãæžãå§ãããšããã«èªåã®äžã®åœæã®éç©ã§ã¯å šãèªåãç®æããã®ãæžããªãããšãçŽåŸãããã®èšç»ã¯æŸæ£ãããŸãããã¡ãªã¿ã«æ¬§ç±³ã§ã¯æ°åŠåºç€è«ã¯æ°åŠã®äžéšéããããè«çåŠã®äžéšéã«äœçœ®ã¥ããããŠããŸããç§ããã®æ¹ããããšæããŸãã
1.6
ãã®æäžæ¢ããã®ã¯ãªãããç§ã®èšèªãšæ°åŠã«é¢ããç¥èŠãå°ãªããèœåãäœããšããããšã¯åœç¶ã§ãããããã以å€ãæããŸãã
ïŒïŒæ°åŠã®éåè«ãäž»ã«çšããããšããããåœæã®ãã®åéã®æ°åŠã®ææã ãã§ã¯ïŒå€åïŒè€éãªèšèªã®ç¶æ³ãåŠçã§ããªãã
ïŒïŒæ°åŠåºç€è«ã¯è«çã®å±éã远ããã®ã§ãã£ãŠãèšèªãã®ãã®ã®æ ¹æºã«è¿«ãããšã¯ïŒåœæã®ææã§ã¯ïŒã§ããªãã
ïŒïŒèšèªå šäœã¯åºå€§ã§ãç§ã®äžã§èšèªã®ã©ãã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãŠè«ãé²ããã®ããã確å®ããŠããªãã
ãªã©ããããªäžæ¢ã®çç±ã§ããã
1.7
ç§ã¯1979幎32æ³ã§å€§åŠã«æ»ããèšèªåŠã®åéæ äžãšåäŒãïŒåããŠäŒã£ãã®ã¯1969幎ããã·ã¢èªã®å çãšããŠã§ããïŒãããã§ããã«1920幎代ã®ãã©ãèšèªåŠãµãŒã¯ã«ã®ç¶æ³ã詳ããæããŠããããŸããããã®äžã§ãSergej Karcevskijã®ååšãå§åçã«ç§ã®äžã«å ¥ã£ãŠããŸãããåéããææ©å¹Žã®èæžãèšèªåŠãžã®éãããæãã®äžã§ãã äžäººå€©æãšåŒãã 圌ã¯ãèšèªã®äºéæ§ãææããŸãããèšèªã¯ãããããæè»ã«å€çã®ãã®ãåžåããããåæã«åŒ·åºã§é äžãªæ§é ãæã£ãŠãããšããã®ã§ãããã®ççŸãããããªäºéæ§ã®äžã«ãèšèªã®æ¬è³ªããããšããã®ã§ããããã¯å€§ããèšãã°ãæå³è«ã®äžéšããªãã®ã§ããããã®æå³ãšããèšèªã«ãããŠæãéèŠãªãã®ããåœæã®ããããŠä»ããªããé£ãããããšããŠãæ£äžããããã£ãšç°¡åãªé³é»çã®ç²Ÿç·»ãªæ§ç¯ã«åãããŸãããäŸãã°1950幎代以éã®ãã¢ã¡ãªã«æ§é èšèªåŠãªã©ããã®ä»£è¡šã§ãããããã以éã®Chomskyã®çæææ³ãæå³ã¯ã»ãŒé€å€ããææ³ã®æ§é ãäžå¿ãšããŠæ¢ããŸãããããããæŽå²é²è¡ã®äžã§ã¯ããäžäººãçªåºçã§ãã£ãEdward Sapir ããããããç§ã¯å€ãã瀺åãããŸãããDriftãšããæŠå¿µã§ãã圌ã«ãã£ãŠèšèªãšéåãããªãã¡èšèªã®æéçèŠçŽ ãæµ®ãã³äžããã®ã§ããããã¯ã®ã¡ã«ç§ã®äžã§Perelmanã®ååšãšçµã³ã€ããŠãããŸãã
çµå±ãã€ãŸã§çµã£ãŠãããã·ã¢èªã¯äžéããŸããã§ãããããã·ã¢èªãžæçã¯ä»ãæ·±ããæšå¹Žä¹ ãã¶ãã«ãã·ã¢èªææ³ã®å°ååãèªã¿ãŸãããããããçœæ°Žç€Ÿã®ã¯ã»ãžã¥æåº«ã«ãã£ãææ³ãããã£ãã§ãããä»åã®Dover Publications ã® Brian Kemple ã®æ¬ã¯ç°¡æœã§éèŠéšåã¯è©³çްã§ããçŽ æŽããããã®ã§ãããèè ã¯ãŸãP.94ã§æ¬¡ã®ããã«è¿°ã¹ãŠããã®ãå°è±¡çã§ããã
âthe definitions do not pretend to be complete, or to settle points of interpretation that grammarians have been disputing for the past several hundred years."
1.8
æå³ã¯èšèªã®æãéèŠãªãã®ã®äžã€ã§ããã«ãé¢ãããããã®100幎äœãã®èšèªåŠã«ãããŠãåžžã«é€å€ãããŠããŸãããç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸãã¢ã¡ãªã«ãªã©ã§äžè¬æå³è«ãšããåéãäžææ¡ãããŸãããããã¯èšèªã瀟äŒã®äžã§ã©ã®ãããªåœ¹å²ãæããããšãããããªãMacro ãªãã®ã§ããããŠç€ŸäŒåŠã人é¡åŠã®äžã«åžåãããŠãããŸããäŸç¶ãšããŠæå³ãã®ãã®ã¯æªéæã®åéã§ãããç§ã®å Žåãå²åŠçãªãã®ã¯ãWittgensteinã®éãå²åŠæ¹å€ïŒæ€èšŒïŒããã§ã«èžãŸããŠããŸãã®ã§ãããã«Karcevskijãå ããããšã«ãã£ãŠãã»ãŒæºåãæŽã£ãŠããŸããããã§ã«å¯Ÿè±¡ã¯æŒ¢åããã³æŒ¢åãäžå¿ãšããäžåœè¿ä»£ã®ããããŠå³å¯ãªèšèªåŠïŒå°åŠïŒã§é²ããããšãèããŠããŸããã®ã§ãããšã¯æžè𿹿³ãšããŠã®æ°åŠã®èªåãªãã®æŽç·Žã課é¡ãšãªããŸããã
1.9
幞ãã«1980幎代ãããããæ°åŠãé£èºçã«çºå±ããå¹ åºãåéã«å¿çšãããæä»£ããã£ãŠããŸããã岩波æžåºã¯ã»ã»30幎è¿ãããããŠãæ°åŠã®å¢æžããå ¥éãåºç€ãçºå±ãšããé ã«æŽåããŠããŸãããå ±ç«åºçãäŒçµ±çã«å¢æžãæã£ãŠããŸããã®ã§ããã¯ãæ§ã ãªæ°åŠã®çŸä»£çãªææãåºçãç¶ããŠãçŸåšãé²è¡äžã§ããç§ã¯ä»ããæ°åŠã®èŒããã·ãªãŒãºãæèªããŠããŸãã
æãæ°åŠè ãã察è«ã®äžã§ããä»ã¯ãã£ãšæ°åŠãæ§ã ãªåéã®åé¡ãèšè¿°ããèç©ãã§ããŸãããããšè©±ããŠããããšã«ã象城ãããŸãããç§ã1970幎代ã«äžæ¢ããããšããä»åºŠã¯è±æœ€ãªæ°åŠã®æ¹æ³ãèªç±ã«éžã³ãªãããèªåã®åé¡ã衚èšã§ããããã«ãªããŸãããããã«å²åŠã»Wittgensteinã察象ã»çåœç¶ãªã©ã®å°åŠãç®çã»Karcevskijãæ¹æ³ã»Algebraic Geometry 代æ°å¹ŸäœåŠ,ãšãã¹ãŠãããããŸããã1980幎代äžããã§ãã
1.10ããã
1986幎ã倧åŠã®ç ç©¶çãçµããæå¡ããããæåº«ãã€ãããã»ãŒèšèªç ç©¶ã«å°å¿µã§ããããšãšãªããŸãããåšå²ã®çè§£ããã£ãããšããã¡ããäžçªå€§ããã£ãã®ã§ãããç§ã®æåŸã¯æ¿æžããŸããããäžåœèªææãæŽå²è¬åº§ã仿è¬åº§ãæ¥æ¬èªè¬åž«çã ã§ãæäœéã®æåŸã確ä¿ããªãããçŸåšã«è³ããŸãã1985幎ã«Aå çããK倧åŠãžã®è¬åž«ã®è©±ããããŸãããããã®æãç§ã«ãšã£ãŠå€§åŠã¯ãéããªãæè¬ã¯ããŠããŸããããã§ã«ç§ãé²ãmainã®fieldã§ã¯ãªããªã£ãŠããŸããã
1.11
1986幎以éãäžåœæç®ã仿æç®çãäžå¿ã«èªã¿ãªãããKarcevskijã®æ¹åãç®æããŸãããã2002幎èºçã§Oç·åç é¢ã«å ¥é¢ãããšããå¶ç¶ã«ãéäžçã«èããããšãã§ããŸããã®ã§ãçåœç¶ã®è«æãããšã«ãèšèªãç§ã®å ŽåãæŒ¢åã§ããããã®äžã«å åšããæéã®åé¡ããŸãšããã®ããOn Time Property Inherent in Characters, èšèªã«å åšããæéãšããæ§è³ªã«ã€ããŠããšãããã®ã§ããããã®ææã«ãMacro ãªèгç¹ããç§ã®èšèªç ç©¶ã®æ¹åãæ¢ã£ãã®ããã®ã¡ã«Manuscript of Quantum Theory for Language ãšé¡ããŠuploadããããã®ã§ãããšãã«ã2003å¹ŽïŒæãé·éççœéЬã«ã¹ããŒã«è¡ã£ãããã«ã§ãçãã¹ããŒãããŠãããšãã«äžäººã§éäžããŠæåŸã®ãŸãšããããŸãããæãããã§ãã
1.12
話ã¯é£ã³ãŸããã仿æç®ã®å¥¥æ·±ããç¥ã£ãã®ããã®ããã§ããå€§æ£æ°ä¿®å€§èµçµã»æ¥æ¬ä»æå šæžãªã©ã§èªã¿é²ããŠããŸããããã€ã³ãã«ãããä»æçµæ«æã®æç®ã¯ãç¹ã«ããããããäŸãã°ãäžçã®èºææ§é ãªã©ãçŽå 4ïŒ5äžçŽãããŸã§ã«æçã«ç€ºãããŠããŸããDNAãªã©ã®çŸä»£çç©åŠã®ç¶æ³ãšå¯Ÿæ¯ãããšè峿·±ãã®ã§ããã宿ãªé¡æ¯ã¯é¿ããã¹ãã§ããããç©çåŠããæŽŸçããååçç©åŠã®é»ææã«ç§ã¯æ·±ãæçãæã£ãŠããŸããã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ææŸã»ç©ºæµ·ãäžå¿ã«èªã¿ãŸãããææŸã¯èªã¿ã«ããã空海ã¯èªã¿ããããšããã®ãå°è±¡ã§ããç§ãæ¬æããæ¥æ¬æåŠã®Kå çã¯æ§ãœé£ã®åŠè ãã空海ã®ãæé¡ç§åºè«ãã®éä»ããé¡ããããçŽæãæããã®ã§ãããK å çãèªèº«ã¯æªèªã ãšãšãã»ã€ã§æžããŠããããŸããããã®æ¬ã¯åæä»£ã®é¡æžããªããå代ã®é³é»è«ãšããŠé«ãè©äŸ¡ãããŠããŸãããçŸä»£ã®é³é»è«ãšããŠãèªã¿å¿ãããããŸãããã å¥èªãæãããŠããªããšèªã¿ã«ããã§ããããä»ã¯äžåœã§è¯ã忬ãåºãŠããŸãã
1.13
ç¡èã»äžèŠªã®ä»æè«ã¯å€§æ£æ°ä¿®å€§èµçµã§èªã¿ãŸããããæ±æŽã«ãããå²åŠã®é«å³°ãšããŠãä¿¡ä»°ã®æç¡ãè¶ ããŠãæããè¥ãæ£ããããã®ããããŸããä»ãæéãããã°ç¹°ãè¿ãèªã¿ãããã®ã§ãã倧åŠã«å ¥ã£ãæããã®ãæ±æŽããæ©ã¿å§ããããšããç§ã®ä¿¡å¿µã¯ããã«è³ã£ãŠäžã€ã®å®ãçµãã æ°ãããŸãã
æšå¹Ž2017幎ç§ãæ±äº¬åœç«åç©é€šã§ãéåæä»£ã®åœ«å»å®¶ãéæ ¶ã®ã®ç¹å¥å±ããããä¹ ãã¶ãã«ç¡èãšäžèŠªã®åœ«åã«åäŒããŸãããå¥è¯ã®èçŠå¯ºã§èŠãã®ã¯ãç§ã®30代ã§ãããããã§ã¯ãŸãæ±å€§å¯ºå建ã®å§é²ãè¡ã£ãéæºã®åº§åã«ãåäŒããŸããããã®åã®åèŠã¯äº¬éœåœç«åç©é€šã§ãç§ãå芳ãããšããããã¢ã«ã¯ç§ä»¥å€èª°ãããŸããã§ããããã®æã®é«å§ã®åº§åã¯ããã«ãå§é²ãçµããå®ãããªèå§ã§ãããŸããããæšç§åäŒãããšãã«ã¯ããããèåž«ã¯ç§ããã¯ããã«è¥ã ããå å®ããæ°åãæããããŸãããç§ã®èããšå¹Žæã®æµããæããŸããã
ãŸãéåæä»£ã®æ±å€§å¯ºã®åŠå§ãåç¶ã®ãäžåœä»æ³äŒéçžèµ·ããããã€ãŠæ©åž«ããå§ããããå人äºäººãšãšãã«èªã¿åããããããããªã€ãããæãåºãããŸããç§ã¯ããããŠæŒ¢æã«èŠªããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸããã
äžåœè¿ä»£ã®å°åŠã«ã€ããŠã¯ä»ã¯çç¥ããŸãã
ïŒïŒèšèªç ç©¶ã«ãªããããŸã§é åãããããããããã®çºå±ãå¿çšãããã®ã
2.1
Baseã«ã¯ç§ã®çè«å¥œãããããŸãã髿 ¡æä»£ã«æãæ¹ãããã®ã¯çè«ç©çåŠã§ããç§ã®å Žåãæ¹¯å·ç§æš¹ã®äžéåçºèŠã®æ¹åã§ã¯ãªããææ°žæ¯äžéã®è¶ 倿éçè«ã®æ¹ã§ããããã®å šå®¹ã¯ããªãé£è§£ã§ããã埮ç©åãåŸ®åæ¹çšåŒã®ç¥èãããã°ãäœãšããªããŸããç§ã¯ã®ã¡ã«èªåãªãã«æŽçããŠãèšèªã®æéæ§ã«ã€ããŠãŸãšãããã®ããããŸããçåœç¶ãšSapirã«ç€ºåãããŠããŸããä»èããã°ãã§ããããçè«ç©çããèšèªãžã®è»¢æã¯ããªãã®å¿ ç¶æ§ããã£ãããã«ãæãããŸãããã®éã«Dirac ãšããææ°ãªç©çåŠè ã®ååšã«æ°ä»ããã®ã¯å€§ããªåç©«ã§ããããã®ã€ã®ãªã¹äººã«ã€ããŠã¯å 幎ããŒãã«ç©çåŠè³ãåè³ãã亡ããªãããåéšéœäžéããšãã»ã€ã®äžã§æžããŠããŸãã
2.2
ãã®çè«å¥œããšãšãã«ãç§ã¯æ ¹æºçãªãã®ãæ±ãããå²åŠã®æ¹åã奜ãã§ããã髿 ¡æä»£ã«ã¯ææ§ã§ããããã®ã¡1970幎代ã«ãç§ã®20代åŸåãWittgensteinã®ç¿»èš³ã次ã ã«åºãŠãããããèªãäžã§ãå²åŠãšããéºç£ã®æ ¹æ¬çãªæ€èšŒãè¡ã£ãåœŒã®æ¹åãèæ ®ããäžã§ãå²åŠã®ææ§æ§ã¯é¿ããã¹ãã§ãå¥ã®æ¹åãæ±ããããã«ãªããŸããããã®çµææãæå¹ãšæãããã®ãæ°åŠã§ãããæ°åŠã¯é«æ ¡æä»£ãã奜ãã§ã3幎ã®ãšããç©çã®éåã«ã€ããŠãã®è§£ãæ±ããããšãããšããæãæå¹ãªã®ãåŸ®åæ¹çšåŒã§ããããé«ïŒã®åŸ®ç©åã®ã¬ãã«ã§ã¯è§£ãããšãã§ãããããã¯å€§åŠä»¥éã«ãªããªãšæã£ãããšãå°è±¡çã§ããã
2.3
20ä»£ã¯æå¡ãããªãããå°ããã€æ°åŠãå匷ããŠããŸãããããã§ç¥ç°ã§ããã©ã³ã¹ã®æ°åŠã°ã«ãŒããBourbakiã«åºäŒããŸããããããã®åŸã®ç§ã®æ°åŠã®æ¹åãæ±ºå®ããŸãããBourbakiã¯ããã®è¶£æšã¯èª°ã§ããæçã§ç°¡æœãªåºçºç¹ããè€éãªçŸä»£æ°åŠã®é ç¹ãŸã§è¡ãããšãããã®ã§ãããã粟å¯ãªä»£ããã«èšå€§ã§ãç§ã¯ãã®ååšã暪ç®ã§çºããªããã现ã ãšå匷ãç¶ããŸããã
2.4
ïŒ.7ã§è¿°ã¹ãããã«ã1986幎ãã2003幎ãŸã§ã§ãWittgenstein,ãçåœç¶ãKarcevskijãAlgebraic Geometry ãšããããŸããã®ã§ããã£ãšåãå§ããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸããããã®ç ç©¶ã®é åã¯ãa.ãŸãã©ããªããšãããŠã宿ãªã©ãªãããšãèŠããã«ç¡éã§ããããšãæå€§ã§ããç§ã¯æéã®ãã®ã«ã¯ããŸãèå³ãæã¡ãŸãããå 容çã«ã¯ãb.èšèªã¯äººéã®å€§ããªçšå ·ã§ããã粟緻ã§ãããšãšãã«ãã°ãã°èª€è§£ããçãåä»ãªãã®ã§ããããŸããåã€ããã©ããã¯ã¹ Liar's paradox ,ãŸãã¯èªå·±èšå self-referenceãªã©ããã®äžäŸã§ããããããããç¶æ³ã¯Wittgensteinã粟现ã«è¿°ã¹ãŠããŸãããããc.èšèªã®æå³ã¯ãã»ãŒ100å¹Žä»¥äžæ»ããããšããããããããŠããã飿»äžèœã®å€åã§ãã
ã€ãŸããç¡éã粟緻,ã飿»äžèœãšäžã€ãããã°ãæªèžå³°ãç®æãç»å±±å®¶ãšã»ãšãã©åãã§ãããã誰ããèšã£ãããªãå±±ã«ç»ãã®ããããã«å±±ãããããã ããšããã®ã¯æ°žé ã®åèšã§ãã
2.5
ç§ã®ç«å Žã¯ä»¥äžã®ãããªãã®ã§ãããããããäœãçŸå®ã®ç€ŸäŒã«ãããçºå±ãŸãã¯å¿çšãããããšããããšã«ã€ããŠã¯ããµã ãã»ãšãã©èããŸãããã匷ããŠãããã°çŸåšäžã€ã®ããšãèããããŸãã
ããã¯å»åŠãžã®å¿çšã§ããå¥ã«ãããŸã§ç§ãè¡ãªãèš³ã§ã¯ãããŸãããããã®çè«çãªæ¹åã ãã¯æ°åŠçã«å¯èœã ãšçŸåšã®æ®µéã§ãæã£ãŠããŸããããã®ããã®æºåãå¿çšãäž»ã«ç®æããŠããããã§ã¯ãããŸããããçŸåšé²è¡äžã§ããç§ã®Site,ãGeometrization Languageãã®äžã®ãPreparatoryïŒæºåçïŒãšãããžã£ã³ã«ãããã§ãã Geometrization Languageããšã¯ã幟äœåãããèšèªããšãããããªæå³ã§ãã
2.6
ãŸã幟äœåãšã¯äœãããç°¡åã«ç€ºãããšãå¿ èŠã§ãããã1980幎ã«Thurston ã3次å é倿§äœã8çš®é¡ã®å¹Ÿäœæ§é ã«åè§£ãããšããäºæ³conjectureãæåºããŸããã1980幎代ååã«Hamiltonããã®äºæ³ãããçš®ã®æ¹çšåŒãšããŠå®åŒåããã2002幎ãã2003幎ã«ãããŠPerelmanãæçµçã«è§£æ±ºããŸãããããã«ç°¡æœã«ããã°ãïŒæ¬¡å ã®å³åœ¢ã¯8çš®é¡ã«åé¡ã§ãããã®å®åŒåãå¯èœã ããšãããããªãã®ã§ãã
2.7
ããããã¯ç§ã®æšè«ãšãªããŸããå»åŠã®åéã§ã¯ãä»ã¯æ§ã ãªå³åè§£æ image analysis ããªãããç æ°ã®ç¹å®ãç æ°ã®é²è¡æ®µéãªã©ãç¹å®ããã®ã«çšããããŠããŸãããã®è§£æã®å€æã¯ãå»åž«ã®ç®èŠã«äŸãããã§ãããç»åã倿§åãããã®éãèšå€§ã«ãªãäžã§ãçŸåšã§ã¯çµ±èšçåŠçãæœããŠåé¡ããããã€ãã®é¡åã«åããŠã现ããªå€æãè¡ããããšãããŸã§æ¥ãŠããããã§ãããããã®çµ±èšçéç©ã幟äœåã«ãã£ãŠåé¡ããããšãå¯èœãšãªãã°ããã®å³åã¯æ°åŠçã«å®åŒåãããå®åŒã¯èªç¶èšèªã«å€æãããããšãšãªãããšã«ãã£ãŠãå³åè§£æã¯ç²Ÿå¯ã§ãããšãšãã«æ£ç¢ºã«å ±æãããããã®ãšãªãã§ãããã
2.8
ãã§ã«è¿°ã¹ãŠããŸãããç§ã¯ããããå¿çšãç®æããŠãèšèªç ç©¶ãè¡ã£ãŠããããã§ã¯ãããŸãããïŒ.4 ã§ç€ºããããã«ãç§ã¯æªèžå³°ãžã®ãããããæã¡ç¶ããäžäººã®ç»å±±å®¶ã«éããŸãããé«å³°ã®ã¯ããäžæ¹ã«å°ããªBase Campãåç¬ã§äœã£ãã ãã§ããããããç»å±±å®¶ã¯äžçã«ç¡æ°ããããšã§ããããããããããããã¹ãŠã®æ¯èŒãé¡å·¡ã¯ã碧空ã«è³ããæªèžå³°ãèŠããšãã«ãã¹ãŠæ¶ããã®ã§ããããã«å±±ãããããã§ãã
2.9
åœé¢ã®çµè«ãæ¥ããŸããããïŒ.6, 2.7 çã§ç€ºããå³åãªã©ããç§ã¯èšèªã®é åã«çµã¿å ¥ããŠèããŠããŸããçµµæåEmojiãå ¥ããLATEXãå ¥ããŸããç§ã¯ããããèšèªã®é åããèªåã§ã¯åºãèšèªãBroad Language ãšåŒãã§ããŸãããã®äžã«ã¯ãšãžããã®è±¡åœ¢æå hieroglyphãäžåœå€ä»£ã®è±¡åœ¢æåãããªãã¡ç²éªšæJaguwenãå ¥ããŸãããããç§ã®fieldã¯äžæææµè¡ããèšå·è« semiotics ã§ã¯ãããŸãããSemioticsãã¯è±é¥ãªåºéã ãšã¯æããŸããããã®æ¹æ³ãæçã§ã¯ãããŸãããä»ã¯è©³è¿°ãæ§ããŸãã
ããããŠèããŠãããšãBC1400幎以éã®å€ä»£äžåœã®ç²éªšæãããã«éèŠã§ããããæ³åã§ããã§ããããæŒ¢åã¯å€ä»£ããã®è±¡åœ¢ãçŸåšãŸã§éçµ¶ããããšãªãçºå±çã«ç¶æ¿ããŠããçŸåã®æåäœç³»ã§ãããèšèªã®éèŠãªäžåéãšãªããã®ã§ããç§ã¯ãã®æŒ¢åãæåã«ç ç©¶ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšããŸããã
2.10
ç§ã®èšèªç ç©¶ã®çºå±ã以äžã§å€§äœèŠããŠããã§ãããããèšèªã®æå³ã¯æéçå€åãå«ããŠå¹ŸäœåŠçãªå³åœ¢ãšããŠæ°åŠã§æç¢ºã«è¡šèšãããããããç§ã¯å¥ã«ããããçºå±ãªã©ã»ãšãã©èããããšã¯ãããŸãããç§ã¯ãã æ¬¡ã®Base Campãç¯ãããã«ãè·ç©ãããå°ãªãããŠæ©ãå§ããã ãã§ããé«ããšããã«ã®ãŒãã«ã¯ãè·ç©ã¯å°ãªãæ¹ãããã§ãããããããã®è·ç©ã¯ã挢åãšæ°åŠãããã°ååã§ããé žæ¬ ãé²ãããã«ãäžåœã®å°åŠãšæŒ¢èš³ä»å žã段çè£ã»çåœç¶ã»ç« ç³éºãå€§æ£æ°ä¿®å€§èµçµã»æ¥æ¬å€§èµçµããšãã«å¿ èŠã§ãããããšãã«ã®ãŒã®è£å¡«ã®ããã«ã1920幎代ã®Linguistic Circle of Prague ãäŸç¶ãšããŠå€§ããªããã©ãããšãªããŸããæªèžå³°ã«ã©ããŸã§è¿ã¥ãããšãã§ãããã¯ããããŸããããããã¯ããç§ãåããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸããã
ãã®ãšãã»ã€ã¯ãèšæ¶ãäžå¿ã«æžããŸããã®ã§ã现ãã幎次ãªã©ã«ãããããããèšæ¶éãããããããããŸããããŸã質åã®çãã«ãªã£ãŠãããã©ããããããããããŸããããã®ç¹ã¯
ã©ãããèš±ããã ããããããªããšãèšããŠããŸãããããããã京éœã®ä»æåŠã®å çããã®èæžã§æžãããŠããããšã°ããæ¶ãåºããŸãããå çãããããã§å€ãéå€ã§çç«ãå²ã¿ãªãã仿è«çŸ©ããªãã£ããšãã仿å§ãã¯èšæ¶ã«åºã¥ããŠãçž·ã ãšçµæã声ïŒãããïŒããã®ã«ãå çã¯æºäžã§æç®ãããšã«ç ç©¶ããŠããããã«ãããã«çŽ æ©ãå¿ããããšãã§ããªãã£ããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããããŸãããããã¯ãŸãäž¡è ã®ä»æã«å¯Ÿããçæ¯ãªå§¿å¢ã瀺ããä¿¡ä»°ãšåŠåã®å¥¥æ·±ãã«æãããŸããã
ã©ãããå æ°ã§ãéãããã ããã
Cordially
5 February 2018
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References for Letter to Y. Of Broad language
1. From definition of language to the decision of directionfor research on language
1.1
1. Presupposition on Natural Language
1. Language is variable. If it be true, what is the base of variability?
2. Language is pronounceable. If it be true, what is emerged by pronounced?
3. Language is recordable. If it be true, what is emerged by recorded?
4. Example.
An apple is variable and will be rotten by time proceeding.
An apple is pronounced at a glossary shop and will be bought by a homemaker.
An apple is recordable and will be recorded in a photo.
5. What distinguishes language from apple? The answer is uncertain. So I make the language models parting from natural language.
Reference
For WITTGENSTEIN Ludwig / Position of Language / 10 December 2005-3 August 2012
22 August 2012
Sekinan Research Field of Language
2. Sayama Assumption on Language
3. Description
1.2
1. Inspiration The Time of Quantum
In August 2003, I went to Hakuba in Nagano prefecture for the summer vacation with my family. At that time I had been thinking on the form of language for which I wrote the paper, that connects with time inherent in characters, in March 2003 also at Hakuba.At night of August 23 in cottage, I casually saw the advertising paper of electric dictionary. The paper was brought from the convenience store near the cottage in the evening. The dictionary on the paper was Seikoâs English-Japanese dictionary that has additionally consultation for Chinese or French language with large scale. I vaguely considered that after this dictionaries are necessarily taken these multi-lingual way.At the time I suddenly realized that the form of language may be spherical style in which language contains all the information in itself.That was rather satisfied solution for the tough problem of language that I had been carrying in my life from my twenties.I wrote the sketch-like paper of the theoretical approach after returning home of Tokyo. The paper was read at the international symposium of UNESCO opened in winter 2003 at Nara. In the paper, the spherical substance of language is seemed to be quantum in DELBRUCKâs image-like physical world. After 5 years from the inspiration at summer of Hakuba, now I consider that spherical essence is manifold in infinite dimensional world.Now I also realize that the toughest problem of language is minutely solvable in mathematical approach that has structurally definable terms.
September 29, 2008
Sekinan Research Field of Language
[January 23, 2012]
The title changed.The former title is âFrom Quantum to Manifoldâ.
[Postscript. January 25,2012]
On quantization of Language.Refer to the next.
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
What CHINO Eiichi Taught Me in the Class of Linguistics
CHINO taught me the core of linguistics in the class of structural linguistics.The most remarkable thing is what he explained the paper of KARCEVSKIJ to us.The title is âDu dualisme asymétrique du signe linguistiqueâ. It became a miracle of my life. I summarize the essence of the paper from one of CHINOâs most major book,Gengogaku eno hirakareta tobira, Janua linguarum reserata in Latin. Language has the dualism.One is firm structure. The other is flexible variability.This is a very revelation in the roaming of study.At first I selected the firmness of language for my research target.It overlapped with the research of Chinese characters.Thought of KARCEVSKIJ fructified the quantum of language.The theory I reached is Quantum Theory for Language.The starting point of the theory was given from CHINO.I deeply appreciate him for teaching me almost all the things on language. CHINO Eiich died March 19, 2002.At age 70.December 5, 2004July 16, 2014 Added
2. Linguistic Circle of Prague
3. Edward Sapir gave me a moment to study language universals together with Sergej Karcevskij 4. Note for KARCEVSKIJ Sergej's "Du dualisme asymetrique du signe linguistique"
5. Karcevskij conjecture 1928 and Kawamata conjecture 2002
6. Brian Kemple. Essential Russian grammar. Dover Publications. 1993.
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1. Max Delbluck From Physics to Biology Application to different Fields
1.13
1.Special Exhibition UNKEI The Great Master of Buddhist Sculpture 2017. Tokyo National Museumã
2. Why is there attractive of language research,
and how are there developments or applications in the future
2.1
1.
Meaning minimum is one of the kernel concepts for the model of language universals on my study. The concept was at first thought from Roman Jakobson's semantic minimum on which I first read at his book, ESSAIS DE LINGUISTIGUE GENERALE, 1973.ãHis concept was yet intuitive at the linguistic study history in the latter half of the 20th century.Comparison with his concept, my definition of meaning minimum was a certain basis prepared in the learning of mathematics, especially on algebraic geometry, that is the most fantastic approach to the construction of the language model. But the contents of meaning minimum is vacant. This concept shows the minimum unit of one big constructive meaning of word. meaning minimum seems to be correspondent with element of set theory, which theory and foundations of mathematics had been my favourite mathematical basis in 1970s, my youth time. Bourbaki was always echoed around us. Grothendieck was a highest star in this world.
2.
Time went fast from at that time. Set theory became one of the premise field of mathematics. But in my part, set theory's agenda was put at a another point. Because language has a certain expanded world that seems to be continuous. Set theory's atomic discreteness does not match in my primary learning level. So, in my age 30s, I had sank in the philosophically intuitive thinking often referring the tradition of 1920s, especially of the Linguistic Circle of Prague. On the circle my teacher CHINO Eiichi had taught me from time to time on the campus of university or coffee shop near the station we used. CHINO had gone to the Czechoslovakia Republic from 1959 to 1967. I first met him in 1969 at his Russian class at my third year of university student. I was the age 21 and he was 37.
3.
At the age 23's 1971 spring, I graduated university and once became a high school's teacher and again returned back to university in 1979 after 8 year job of the school. At that time I thought of characters' distinctive features on Written Chinese classics. I mainly read WANG Guowei, ZHANG Binglin, DUAN Yucai, WANGYyinzhi being guided by Japanese modern scholar KANO Naoki. Expressly I had attracted to WANG Guowei and his book Guantangjilin. Besides reading these China's Qing dynasty's linguistic peaks, I had always thought on Ludwig Wittgenstein for his endless pursuit on language. So I resigned school and came back to the campus where I again met with CHINO. I was age 30s and he was 50s. He was already the big scholar at the linguistic field but I was a poor return student. But I dare to say we were colleagues for language study. He taught me the detailed and strict tradition of the linguistic Circle of Prague. He frequently talked on Sergej Karcevskij and his eminent discernment on language. In the later year's masterpiece, Janua Linguisticae Reserata, 1994, he wrote only Karcevskij as genius in the great linguists.
4.
Being led by CHINO, I again started linguistic learning on meaning that I had been interested in from my 20s but too hard to approach by my talent. This time I had Karcevskij's fine insight to meaning enough absorbing the fertile tradition of Prague, where also exist Jakobson and Mathesius. Through the learning I gradually lean to desire to write clear definitions on language. I again remembered the little learning of my 20s age's mathematics. Bourbaki, Godel, TAKEUCHI and their set theory, foundations of mathematics and that Incompleteness theorem. I had learnt mathematics little by little, inch by inch.
5.
CHINO Died in 2002 at age 70 and I became 55. The next year 2003, I wrote a short paper titled "Quantum Theory for Language". This paper was showed at a international symposium on Silk road for dealing with language from Chinese characters on linguistic viewpoint. I knew that Asian civilisation and history had great concern not only from Asia but also European continents. At the symposium some 400 researchers gathered in the various scholarly fields. It was a awesome encounter for my study, namely, East meet West. Probably Chinese character's agenda will be written by Europe oriented mathematics. WANG Guowei will meet with karcevskij mediated through mathematics' description. The target confronted at that time was time inherent in characters, or time in word. In Chinese, particularly in classical written Chinese, all the characters show enough independent meaning in one character probably including even time. It was my first conjecture taught from Karcevskij and CHINO. Meaning minimum is on the boat going across to the opposite shore. This metaphor was derived from WANG Guowei's famous paper, "Yin- bu zhong suojian xiangong xianwang kao"
6.
The concept of time inevitably led to the concept of distance. In 2004, I wrote a paper titled "Distance Theory". But the paper was yet intuitive and not clear for descriptive definition. So hereinafter I learnt algebra inch by inch being assisted with the rich heritage of geometry. In the centre of learning, always exist time that connotes finiteness and infinity. But infinity is not easily obtained without probably only loop space at the present. And again returns back to meaning minimum as the passenger of the boat named time property inherent. This time the passenger on the boat is called operad or algebraic language.
7.
After all I came back to the very dream that I had embraced since the high school days. It was a fundamental ask on language related with mathematics and physics. The root of language would be able to describe by mathematics and physics. In my mind language is always put at the centre of the pursuit that was what anyone can clearly understand. Description by mathematics, but physics why (Note 1)?. Physics treats with substance that constructs the world in which I had desire to let language enter. It started at Substantiality of language (References 2. 2). It was my dream and probably will be so, hereafter.
References
1.
<Meaning minimum>
<Bourbaki>
The Time of Language Ode to The Early Bourbaki To Grothendieck / January 10, 2012
2.
<CHINO Eiichi>
Fortuitous Meeting What CHINO Eiichi Taught Me in the CLass of Linguistics / Tokyo December 5, 2004
<The Linguistic Circle of Prague>
Linguistic Circle of Prague / Tokyo 13 July 2012, 19 July 2012 Added
3.
<WANG Guowei>
The Complete Works of WANG Guowei / Tokyo 24 May 2012
<Ludwig Wittgenstein>
The Time of Wittgenstein / Tokyo January 20, 2012
<Sergej Karcevskij>
4.
<Set Theory>
Quantum Linguistics / Growth of Word Dedicated to TAKEUCHI Gaishi / Tokyo January 30, 2006
5.
<Quantum Theory for Language>
Quantum Theory for Language Synopsis / Tokyo January 15, 2004
<Time inherent in characters>
On Time Property Inherent in Characters / Hakuba March 28, 2003
6.
<Distance>
Distance Theory / Tokyo May 5, 2004
<Meaning minimum and distance>
sekinanlogos / Floer Homology Language / Supersymmetric Harmonic Oscillator / Tokyo May 6, 2009
<Loop space>
sekinanmodel / Infinite Loop Space Language / Word as Infinite Loop Space / 6 December 2012
<Operad>
ifbetruezoho / Operad Meaning Theory / From Cell to Operad / 4 March 2013
7.
<Description>
sekinanmetria / Notes for KARCEVSKIJ Sergej / Description of Language / September 9, 2011
<Substantiality>
sekinanlogos / Floer Homology Language / Potential of Language / Tokyo June 16, 2009
<Amalgation>
Language, amalgation of mathematics and physics / ifbetrue 2 April 2013
Tokyo
6 April 2013
References 2
14 September 2014
1. Roger Penrose / 25 October 2012
2. Substantiality Dedicated to SAPIR Edward / 27 February 2005
3. Perhaps Return to Physics / 16 August 2014
References 3
25 July 2017
Category theory shows a new approach for the further step.
1. Karcevskij conjecture 1928 and Kawamata conjecture 2002
2. Additional meaning and embedding
3. The comparison between 2003 and 2017 From Chinese character's meaning structure to Homological algebraic model of language universals
Reference 4
29 July 2017
1. Edward Sapir gave me a moment to study language universals together with Sergej Karcevskij
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8ã
ïŒ. For WITTGENSTEIN Ludwig Revised Position of Language
1 Quantization 1 is a cliff for consideration of language.
2 Mathematical interpretation of quantized language is now a first step to the theoretical ascent.
3 If there is not mathematics, next conjectures are impossible.
(i) Difference between word and sentence--- Commutative and noncommutative ring
(ii) Continuation from word to sentence--- Tomitaâs fundamental theorem
(iii) Wordâs finiteness and sentenceâs infinity--- Property infinite and purely infinite
(iv) Cyclic structure of wordâs meaning--- Infinite cyclic group
4 Meaning minimum 2 , mirror language 3 and mirror symmetry 4 are inevitable approach to the study of language especially for language universals 5 .
5 Symplectic Language Theory, Floer Homology Language and Arithmetic Geometry Language are adopted as the model theory for natural language in the recent.
6 Hereinafter the model theory will be entered to the new concept . The Model s of Language Universals 6 will be shown by the description of mathematics.
[References]
0 . WITTGENSTEIN Ludwig
Theory Dictionary Writing
Theory Dictionary Person
Aim for Frame-Quantum Theory
1 . Quantized Language
Quantization of Language /Floer Homology Language
2 . Meaning minimum
Structure of Meaning / Symplectic Language Theory
3 . Mirror language
Mirror Symmetry on Rational Curve / Symplectic Language Theory
4 . Mirror symmetry
Homology Mirror Symmetry Conjecture by KONTSEVICH / Symplectic Language Theory
5 . Language universals
Generating Function / Symplectic Language Theory
6. Models of Language Universals
Language Universal Models
Tokyo December 10, 2005
Tokyo November 27, 2008 Revised
Tokyo March 24, 2009 Revised
Tokyo June 27, 2009 Revised
Tokyo February 28, 2011 Revised
Tokyo August 3, 2012 Revised
Tokyo December 8, 2014 Reprinted
The Time of Language, Ode to The Early Bourbaki To Grothendieck
Bourbaki' ELEMENTS DE MATHEMATIUE Troisieme edition, 1964
ONO Shinobu and Bernhard Karlgren
Meaning Minimum On Roman Jakobson, Sergej Karcevskij and CHINO Eiichi
Half Farewell to the Linguistic Circle of Prague and Sergej Karcevskij
Sergej Karcevskij, Soul of Language
Meaning Minimum On Roman Jakobson, Sergej Karcevskij and CHINO Eiichi
Uniformity For SAUSSURE Ferdinand
40 years passed from I read WANG Guowei
The days of von Neumann Algebra
The days between von Neumann Algebra and Complex Manifold Deformation Theory
For WITTGENSTEIN Ludwig Revised with Symplectic Language Theory and Floer Homology Language
2.9
2.10
Read more: https://srfl-lab.webnode.com/products/letter-to-y-of-broad-language-4th-edition/
Read more: https://srflnote.webnode.com/news/letter-to-y-of-broad-language-4th-edition/